Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) are collections of autonomous software entities that interact within a shared environment to achieve goals. Each agent has its own perception, decision-making logic, and ability to act. The system's overall behavior emerges from repeated exchanges between agents, which may cooperate, compete, or negotiate depending on the problem. In traffic management, each vehicle acts as an agent sharing speed and position data, allowing flow to self-organize. In smart grids, homes and generators negotiate power usage in real time without a central controller. In financial markets, algorithmic traders react to price signals, providing liquidity. Robotics swarms use simple agents following local rules to explore hazardous sites or perform search-and-rescue operations. MAS offer two key advantages. Scalability, because adding agents rarely requires redesigning the whole system. And robustness, because when some agents fail, others compensate. As IoT expands and autonomous vehicles become common, MAS will become foundational for coordinating billions of devices.
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